比利时野猪非洲猪瘟防控

2018年9月,比利时公共健康研究院(国家非洲猪瘟参考实验室)确认在瓦隆地区发现野猪感染非洲猪瘟病毒,毒株与2007年欧洲首例非洲猪瘟病毒株非常相似。欧盟和比利时通过采取卓有成效的控制措施,截至目前未发生家猪感染病例。主要防控经验:一是出台法规,组建非洲猪瘟政策委员会,及时评估和措施调整;二是根据OIE的原则要求建立管控区,借助人工屏障和自然屏障,防止感染野猪跨区域移动;三是完善养殖企业生物安全管理制度,防止野猪和家猪的接触,并通过SANITEL系统对境内的所有家猪开展标识追溯,防止高风险地区家猪的非法移动;四是做好宣传,使兽医、养殖户、狩猎者了解非洲猪瘟相关认知,确保防控义务落实到人。     

Streptomyces TOR3209介导盐碱地金花葵根际的生态效应

为研究植物微生物联合改良盐碱地的效果和根际效应,以耐盐植物金花葵(Hibiseu manihot L.)和根际益生菌链霉菌Streptomyces TOR3209为材料,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFAs)生物标记法和生物多样性指数测度法,在始蕾期和成熟期,检测了TOR3209+金花葵(T1)、金花葵(T2)和裸地原土(空白CK)根际微生物总量和主要菌群结构的变化,同时检测了根围土壤主要酶活性和理化性状的变化。结果表明:T2处理能显著提高土壤磷脂脂肪酸(Phospholipid-derived fatty acids, PLFA)含量和多样性,改善微生物群落结构,但G+/G-值高于CK,土壤却转向贫瘠。T1处理的金花葵生长旺盛,全株生物量提高了113.22%;在2个生长期,碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量也有显著提高,根围土壤电导率和pH值均下降;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性均有所提高;微生物总量提高,土壤微生物Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Margalef丰富度指数显著改善,细菌、放线菌、细菌/真菌和AM真菌总量等提高;且G+/G-值低于CK,土壤由贫瘠转向丰富。T1处理土壤理化性质和生物学指标均更优于T2处理。冗余分析(RDA)表明,土壤微生物与碱解氮、速效磷、有机质呈正相关,与pH和电导率呈负相关,是影响根际微环境的重要因子。链霉菌TOR3209与根系互作,通过改善根际微环境,显著提高了植株的耐盐能力和生产性能。植物微生物联合改良盐碱地具有良好前景。     

大数据背景下的信息化育种

信息化是育种的主流趋势和必然选择。为促进作物育种信息化建设,从种质资源管理、数据采集、系谱分析、试验设计、参试进程管理、遗传解析和生理学解析、品种产业化推广等方面探讨了大数据背景下信息化在育种中的应用。指出了信息化育种实施步骤和要点,以河南省新乡市农业科学院为例,规划了软件应用、科研管理、人才培养、硬件更新、信息共享等实施信息化育种的重点步骤。认为信息化育种存在的主要问题有不被育种家广泛接受、技术有待完善和数据共享存在障碍等3个方面,并展望了其应用前景。     

Effect of Foliar GA3 and ABA Applications on Reactive Oxygen Metabolism in Black Currants (Ribes nigrum L.) During Bud Para-dormancy and Secondary Bud Burst

The secondary bud burst can cause around 10％-20％ yield losses in black currants, an economically important crop in parts of Europe, Asia and North America. The metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been linked to bud dormancy and its early release (secondary bud burst) in several fruit crops. But the relationship between ROS metabolism and the secondary bud burst is still not well understood in black currants. In the present study, two black currant cultivars (Adelinia and Heifeng) with opposing tendency of exhibiting the secondary bud burst were sprayed with abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid (GA3) to either inhibit or induce the secondary bud burst. The results showed that ABA inhibited the secondary bud burst by reducing the contents of ROS (H2O2, O2-?) in buds; decreasing the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT); and increasing the contents of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and ascorbic acid (AsA). GA3 effectively induced the secondary bud burst by increasing ROS contents; increasing the activities of several antioxidant enzymes, such as SOD, POD, CAT, glutathione reductase (GR), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and the contents of reduced glutathione (GSH); and decreasing the contents of AsA. The experimental results showed that GA3 treatment increased the content of ROS, accelerated the metabolism of reactive oxygen species, and promoted the second burst of black currants. However, ROS metabolism was at a low level under ABA treatment, and the buds remained dormant. These results suggested that ROS metabolism might play an important role in the two black currants of the secondary bud burst.     

疫苗免疫及抗体注射预防雏鹅小鹅瘟效果比较

为更好地控制小鹅瘟的发生,探究疫苗免疫及抗体注射对雏鹅小鹅瘟的预防效果。将200只1日龄试验鹅随机分成4组,其中A组为疫苗组,B组为卵黄抗体+疫苗组,C组为卵黄抗体组,D组为对照组。对试验鹅分别于1日龄、7日龄进行注射,并在首免后第7、14、21及28天检测小鹅瘟抗体。结果显示:在第7天,B组和C组的免疫抗体平均效价均高于A组;在第14天,B组抗体平均效价出现明显下降,均低于A组和C组。在第21～28天,A组和B组均保持较高的抗体水平,而C组抗体效价下降较快。结果提示,在没有母源抗体保护的情况下,对于雏鹅小鹅瘟多发高发的地区和场群,建议1日龄、7日龄均注射卵黄抗体加以预防;对于雏鹅发病日龄明显增加,超过20日龄仍有发病的地区和场群,建议1日龄、7日龄均免疫小鹅瘟疫苗加以防控。     

大豆中主要致敏蛋白及其去除方法

大豆因其丰富的营养和功能特性被作为一种重要的蛋白源应用在食品加工和饲料领域。但是，大豆蛋白中含有的多种致敏性蛋白，严重阻碍了他的应用。文中对大豆致敏蛋白的分类、结构特点、去除方法进行了综述，并就存在的问题及今后的研究发展方向进行了探讨。     

Heritability Estimates and Genetic Correlations Among Body Weight and Measurement Traits of Large‐size Rainbow Trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,in China

The variance components of additive effects and genetic correlations of body weight (BW) and body measurement traits were estimated in a freshwater strain selected for large size in a breeding program for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in China. Phenotypic data were collected for BW and measurement traits from 2362 individuals with a two‐generation pedigree, and the average information‐restricted maximum likelihood method was used for the genetic analysis. The genetic parameters of BW were estimated at three time points (550, 850, and 1000 days post‐fertilization [dpf]), showing high heritability in a range from 0.33 to 0.98. However, the heritability estimates of total length (TL) showed lower values ranging from 0.05 to 0.51, with high standard errors. Genetic correlation between TL and BW was almost equal to unity at 550 dpf, and the genetic correlations between TL at 550 dpf and BW at two other time points were all positive and very high (ca. 0.95–0.99). These results indicate that BW and TL selected at 550 dpf had a direct positive effect on BW performance at 1000 dpf, which was 450 d before the date of the target trait observed.     

浅议通过标签内容查找农药隐性成分

本文针对农药隐性成分危害大和监管难等问题,剖析了企业主要动机,以农药标签为对象,研究建立了一种查找"问题"农药、锁定农药隐性成分的方法。该方法具有成本低、易于普及、克服检测仪器谱库不足、发挥基层各方力量进行监管等优点。与检测技术结合使用,可以弥补各方不足,更好地发挥监管作用。     

蜂针治疗过敏时使用激素类药物的探讨

蜂针疗法对各类疾病的疗效越来越得到社会的肯定,然而伴随疗效的是蜂针的过敏反应,应对这些紧急的、临床反应重的甚至出现过敏性休克的病例时,我们往往需要使用肾上腺糖皮质激素进行治疗。故本文对肾上腺糖皮质激素抗过敏的药理及作用机制、抗过敏常用的肾上腺糖皮质激素的种类、各类药物的规格、用法用量及其禁忌症、出现不良反应时的应对措施作了探讨与总结,对保证蜂针疗法的安全性有意义。     

Phylogenetic analysis of Newcastle disease viruses isolated from wild birds in the Poyang Lake region of China

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) causes a highly contagious viral disease in poultry and wild birds, and it can cause significant economic loss worldwide. Eight viral strains were isolated by inoculating embryonated chicken eggs from the Poyang Lake region of China with swab samples. All eight of the NDV isolates were identified as class I genotype 3 strains, but they diverged notablely from class II viruses. Further analysis revealed that all eight NDV isolates were lentogenic strains containing the ¹¹²ERQER↓L¹¹⁷ motif at the F protein cleavage site. The strains were highly identical and were more species specific (chicken and waterfowl) than site specific (Nanchang and Duchang regions). The close phylogenetic proximity of these isolates indicates that viral transmission may happen between poultry and wild birds. Our study demonstrates that lentogenic class I NDVs exist in clinically healthy wild waterfowl and poultry within the Poyang Lake region. Active surveillance of these viruses to determine their evolution and origin is one of the most realistic strategies for preventing and controlling NDV outbreaks.